In 2020, an article by Yosef Garfinkel suggested interpreting clay male figures of the 10th and 9th century BCE in Khirbet Qeiyafa as images of the central deity YHWH. The following article is a critical response to Yosef Garfinkel by Shua Kisilevitz, Ido Koch, Oded Lipschits, and David S. Vanderhooft, who reject his hypothesis altogether, citing other examples from the sites of Moza, Tel Kinrot, Tel Rehov, Ashdod and Tirzah.

Full article